Illustration Free Essays

The 29th Annual French Quarter Festival of New Orleans New Orleans is where celebrations are a lifestyle. There are celebrations displaying pretty much every social part of the city. Be that as it may, The French Quarter Festival stands apart as the biggest free neighborhood concert in the territory of Louisiana. We will compose a custom paper test on Outline or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now The 29th yearly French Quarter Festival exhibited a wide assortment music, food, and uncommon occasions that gave knowledge what exactly makes New Orleans so one of a kind and brimming with life contrasted with other to urban areas in the province. The greatest part of the French Quarter Festival was the music that was displayed, the most unmistakable sorts being Jazz, Cajun-Zydeco, and Blues. An assortment of Jazz music was heard during the celebration. Customary Jazz sounds from groups, for example, the New Orleans Cottonmouth Kings and the Smoking Jazz Club could be heard on Friday. Saturday incorporated an advanced Jazz style with acts, for example, Big Daddy ‘O’ and Kermit Ruffins. The metal hints of Jazz, for example, the Treme Brass Band and the Stooges Brass Band were heard on the most recent day of the celebration. There were additionally a few Blues music acts present. The principal day brought entertainers, for example, ‘Wolfman’ Washington and ‘Big Al’ Carson. The following day, Eharmonic Souls and John Lisi and the Delta Funk were among the specialists. The Blues music that finished off the celebration was from acts, for example, Vagabond Swing and Amanda Wallace. In conclusion, Cajun-Zydeco music could likewise be heard at the celebration. A portion of the Cajun-Zydeco groups that opened for the celebration were Dikki Du and the Zydeco Krewe and furthermore Brandon Moreau and Cajungrass. The next day, Tank and the Zydeco Codebreakers and the Lost Bayou Ramblers were among the demonstrations. Additionally, The Big Easy Playboys and Sunpie and the Louisiana Sunspots were among the Cajun-Zydeco follows up on the last day of the celebration. The customary, present day, and metal Jazz artists recorded were only a couple of the demonstrations, yet they give instances of the ability at the 29th Annual French Quarter Festival. The French Quarter Festival had nearby merchants including the foods of the French Quarter, some of which were Cajun, Creole, and Po’boys. Cajun food was a cooking that was conspicuous at the celebration. Crayfish was a well known fixing that was highlighted in a few Cajun dishes at the celebration, for example, in Crawfish Etouffee or Crawfish Cakes. Andouille frankfurter, found in gumbo and jambalaya was another part of the celebration cooking. Croc, as kebabs or frankfurters, was likewise among the numerous Cajun dishes. Creole food additionally had a nearness in the festival’s cooking. Rice dishes, for example, Dirty Rice and furthermore Red Beans and Rice, were among the Creole cooking highlighted at the celebration. There were additionally numerous Creole fish dishes, for example, Shrimp Jambalaya and Grits or Shrimp Remolaude accessible. Creole sweets, for example, King Cake or beignets were additionally among the dishes offered at the celebration. Furthermore, a few assortments of Po’boy were staples of the cooking at the celebration. Fish Po’boys, for example, the Shrimp Caminada Po’boy and the BBQ Oyster Po’boy, were among the Po’boys advertised. Additionally accessible were Creole style Po’boys, for example, the Cochon de lait Po’boy or Creole Hot Sausage Po’boy. At long last, Po’boys, for example, the Alligator Sausage Po’boy or the Blackened Catfish Po’boy were some Cajun-style Po’boys at the celebration. Regardless of whether you were searching for Cajun, Creole, or Po’boys, the 29th Annual French Quarter Festival had the dishes talked about above alongside a lot increasingly accessible to browse. At last, the French Quarter Festival likewise held occasions, for example, instructive talks, kids occasions, and move exercises. The French Quarter Festival strived to teach individuals on the effect that the nearby melodic network gives. Super Sousaphone was a talk by nearby sousaphone virtuoso Matt Perrine about the effect his profession in numerous powerful New Orleans groups made. Another talk was Groove Interrupted, which concentrated on off camera makings of the advanced Jazz collection. Funkify Your Life talked about The Meters, a New Orleans funk band, sway on New Orleans music. There were likewise a few children’s occasions at the celebration. The Kid’s Music Stage acquainted kids with festival’s melodic kinds in a youngster cordial way. The Satchmo collection venture was another occasion where youngsters brightened bits of a montage of Louis Armstrong. Youngsters were additionally ready to make Victorian-style adornments at the numerous specialties station at the celebration. Additionally, a few move exercises were offered at the celebration. NOLA Zydeco bunch facilitated a class that instructed the customary Zydeco moves. BrassXcise, with Dancing Man 504, instructed move and exercise moves that are utilized in Second-Line marches. Likewise, the NOLA Jitterbugs trained conventional jazz moves, for example, the Jitterbug and the Charleston. The talks, children’s occasions and move classes at the French Quarter Festival assisted with including the instructive and social part of the celebration. The 29th yearly French Quarter Festival gives a unique viewpoint to celebrations of New Orleans. It tried to feature carefully the nearby parts of the way of life of New Orleans. Likewise dissimilar to different celebrations, it was additionally made allowed to the general population. Those viewpoints and furthermore the music, food, and occasions of the celebration consolidated to make an encounter not at all like different celebrations in New Orleans, one that is centered around the individuals of the city instead of simply the city itself. Step by step instructions to refer to Illustration, Papers

Functionalist, conflict and the integrationist theories of education Essay Example for Free

Functionalist, struggle and the integrationist speculations of instruction Essay The functionalist hypothesis looks more into the manners in which that all inclusive instruction serves the requirements of the general public. Then again, the contention hypothesis centers around the capacity of training as sustaining disparity on the social part of life and boosting the intensity of the individuals who are prevailing inside the general public. The interactionist’s hypothesis restricts its examination on instruction to what happens legitimately in a study hall arrangement, as it investigates the teacher’s desire from the student and how it influences the learner’s execution, demeanor and recognition (Rappa 1976). The relationship of every hypothesis to instruction Functionalist hypothesis; According to this hypothesis, the inactive job of training is that it unites individuals. At the end of the day it improves socialization inside the general public among the various individuals from differing societies, dialects, shading, age and interests. Through the collaborations, individuals get the chance to gain from each other through the trading of thoughts and perspectives with respect to various territories of conversation. The other job of training is that it makes light of the job of passing basic beliefs and social control inside the general public. Peruse more: Functionalist Perspective on Social Institutions The contention hypothesis specialists further demand disposing of current tests, as indicated by them all tests contain an information base which is in every case socially delicate. Then again, the Conflict scholars take a gander at instruction not as a social advantage or opportunity, yet as an amazing methods for keeping up power structures and making a submissive work power for private enterprise. The interactionists’ hypothesis is comparative with instruction as in an instructor has more effect on the understudies inside a study hall set up; subsequently the presentation of an understudy is significantly founded on the educator judgment and exertion (Brubacher 1962) The point of view of every hypothesis The functionalists consider instruction to be a methods for transmitting or propagating the center instructive qualities starting with one age then onto the next. Moreover, they consider training as a significant factor in isolating the students putting the premise of this qualification as legitimacy. The contention scholars then again consider the to be framework as propagating business as usual by dulling the lower classes into being submissive specialists to the higher classes. The interactionists then again, center around the impact of the desires for the educator on the learner’s execution (Rappa 1976) Desires for instruction from every hypothesis The functionalists expect that widespread training should serve the general public by bringing together the individuals inside a general public, and aiding in transmitting the basic beliefs of the general public. The contention scholars expect that training will keep up imbalance inside the general public, by safeguarding the intensity of the individuals who are overwhelming the general public. The interactionists’ desires are that the teacher’s expectation from the understudies ought to affect their presentation, paying little heed to its positive or negative nature (Rappa 1976). Examination The functionalist and strife scholars agree on that instruction is an apparatus to be utilized for sifting through the various students. Further, the functionalists contend that schools sort understudies dependent on merit, while the contention scholars contend that schools sort out understudies along class and inborn lines (Schon, 1983). The contention hypothesis puts more spotlight on rivalry between gatherings, while the functionalist scholars center around equalization and solidness inside a social framework. Furthermore, struggle scholars center around society as made up of social relations portrayed by disparity and change. Functionalism sees the general public as an unpredictable marvel or arrangement of interrelated parts cooperating to keep up the ideal security (Brubacher 1962) Analysis of individual chose reasoning and rationalist Aristotle; His way of thinking is instruction for creating quality residents who are ethical. He further put thought on human instinct, propensity and reason as the crucial powers normal from and through training. For example, he believed redundancy to be a key device towards the improvement of good propensities; from the teacher’s deliberate direction of the various understudies (Schon, 1983). Aristotle put more weight on adjusting the hypothetical and pragmatic parts of the subjects educated. Also, he contends that the unequivocally significant subjects incorporate perusing, composing and science. In view of the conversation, it would thus be able to be viewed as that Aristotle’s suspecting fits into the thoughts of the functionalist hypothesis (Rappa 1976). End Having talked about the distinctive instructive speculations, it very well may be contended that these instructive hypothetical models are principal undoubtedly, as they achieve a comprehension of how various individuals see training. Further, it is through these distinctions that various individuals meet up and reason towards arriving at a strong resolution, which adds to a progression in the field of instruction since trough conversations new thoughts are set up. Also, these speculations help the citizenry acknowledge assorted variety in their reasoning and impression of things. References Brubacher, S. (1962). Modem Philosophies of Education. New York: Mc Graw Hill Book Co. Pg 114 Rappa, S. (1976). Training in a Free Society: An American History. Philadelphia: David McKay Company Inc. pp 59 Schon, D. (1983). The intelligent expert. New York: Basic Books.

Blog Archive Monday Morning Essay Tip Be Careful with Humor

Blog Archive Monday Morning Essay Tip Be Careful with Humor Virtually every week, as part of our Monday Morning Essay Tip, we offer a “how to” and a “how not to” example. This week, we cannot offer a simple illustration, because we are focusing on the issue of humor, which is nuanced and can be deemed appropriate only with a full understanding of the context in which it is presented.  So, instead of a hard rule, we offer a strong suggestion: be very careful when using humor in your essays. The line between being funny and coming across as immature, inappropriate or even careless is a very fine one. In our view, writers who use humor best are those who possess the skill to appear clever or witty and are not striving to reveal themselves as stand-up comics. Your essays are not the proper venue in which to showcase your latest routine, though they can help reveal your personality through a mildly self-deprecating anecdote with humorous undertones.  Remember, humor itself is not the goal of your essay, but part of a broader story and message to your reader. If you have a strong voice and can use humor with subtlety, then proceed, but even then, do so with caution and ensure that you get a solid critique before you submit your final draft. Share ThisTweet Monday Morning Essay Tips Blog Archive Monday Morning Essay Tip Be Careful with Humor Virtually every week, as part of our Monday Morning Essay Tip, we offer a “how to” and a “how not to” example. This week, we cannot offer a simple illustration, because we are focusing on the issue of humor, which is nuanced and can be deemed appropriate only with a full understanding of the context in which it is presented. So, instead of a rule, we offer a strong suggestion: be very careful when using humor in your essays. The line between being funny and showing yourself to be immature, inappropriate or even careless is a very fine one. In our view, writers who use humor best are those who possess the skill to come across as clever or witty and are not striving to reveal themselves as stand-up comics. Your essays are not the venue to showcase your latest routine, but can be used to reveal your personality through a mildly self-deprecating anecdote with humorous undertones. Remember, humor is not itself the goal in your essay, but part of a broader story and message to your reader. If you have a strong voice and can use humor with subtlety, then proceed, but even then, do so with caution and ensure that you get a solid critique before you submit your final draft. Share ThisTweet Monday Morning Essay Tips

Whats Behind The Curtain - 1178 Words

Throughout history, there have been problems in society where most of society is totally oblivious to. However, these problems have caught the awareness of a few people who have an understanding of what is really occurring behind the curtain. In the book The Jungle, Upton Sinclair reveals the issue of the immoral goals of capitalistic society during the late 1800’s and early 1900’s. Similarly, in the movie Food Inc, the producers of the film reveal the truth about modern capitalism through the use of personal accounts and facts, which all effectively use the rhetorical techniques of imagery, pathos, and logos. In The Jungle, Upton Sinclair bases his novel around the sad life of Jurgis Rudkus. Originally born in Lithuania, Rudkus decided†¦show more content†¦coli. These feed lots are so horrible that the beef industry has put into place laws that prevent any pictures from being taken of said feed lots. By adding these stunning clips, the movie producers are able to physically show the audience what is really happening. By seeing the atrocious events on a screen, rather than reading them in the paper, the audience will reach in a much stronger way—and even move toward what the producers of the movie want (buying locally grown and raised organic foods). The producers of the movie Food Inc, as well as the author of the book The Jungle, appeal to logos to reveal the corruption of the food industry to people who are less receptive to sad stories and horrifying images. The producers of Food Inc incorporate written facts on the screen during key point of the movie. These facts disclose startling information that may not be known to any normal person. For example, during the Smithfield hog slaughter plant scene, there is a white caption that reads â€Å"†¦more than 32,000 hogs are slaughtered at Smithfield each day.† Numbers like these cannot just be pushed aside, but must be met with some thought. 32,000 hogs slaughtered each d ay is a very large amount, and such an efficient process may not tend to the need of the hogs, nor the consumer. By adding these captions, the producers of Food Inc effectively distributeShow MoreRelatedNarrative Essay About Up In The North1698 Words   |  7 PagesMartin whimpered. The ground shaking terribly, suddenly Ivy’s cocoon cracks in half, earth shaking; Nevertheless, Dr. martin runs out of there as fast as he can without looking back to see if Ivy is alright. He hops in the Jeep leaves everything behind and drove off. The cocoon bursts off her body, around her Flat as a pancake. She sits in the middle of total destruction all around her. Sit there’s and sobbing thinking if anything is real anymore. Suddenly, three black SUVs pull up on the sideRead MoreLying to Children769 Words   |  4 Pagesdon’t know the difference† and then leave it there. Think back to when you were a child and your parents told you that a man in a red suit named Santa Clause came down your chimney on Christmas and brought you presents if you were good. The agenda behind this lie was so that you would be good. Adults use lies for various reasons. Sometimes it’s so you don’t have to face consequences. Other times it’s to invoke a specific behavior. In the case of â€Å"Salvation† by Langston Hughes, lying to the childrenRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet 1356 Words   |  6 Pagessuspects someone behind the curtain. Hamlet is speaking with Gertrude and suddenly he begins to stab the curtains that someone is hiding behind and later finds it to be Polonius. Hamlet thought it was Claudius spying on him but was certainly wrong. Hamlet had a different opportunity t o kill Claudius prior to this but he didn’t want to kill him as he was repenting his sins in the confessional. Instead he kills Polonius spying on him before he could even check who it was behind the curtain. Hamlet carelesslyRead MoreYerma by Federico Garcia Lorca: Planning the Play1722 Words   |  7 Pagescan’t have children her dull marriage with Juan and the fact that he doesn’t want to and can’t have children. â€Å"YERMA (dropping her voice): What you know. Why am I childless? Must I spend the rest of my life feeding chickens and hanging neat little curtains in the windows? Tell me what to do and I’ll do it even if I have to stick pins in my eyeballs.† Here we can see how passionate Yerma is to have children, thus highlighting another theme, passion. Another theme is nature, since each act is in differentRead MoreYerma by Federico Garcia Lorca: Planning the Play1734 Words   |  7 Pagescan’t have children her dull marriage w ith Juan and the fact that he doesn’t want to and can’t have children. â€Å"YERMA (dropping her voice): What you know. Why am I childless? Must I spend the rest of my life feeding chickens and hanging neat little curtains in the windows? Tell me what to do and I’ll do it even if I have to stick pins in my eyeballs.† Here we can see how passionate Yerma is to have children, thus highlighting another theme, passion. Another theme is nature, since each act is in differentRead MoreShopping At Home Vs. Shopping1540 Words   |  7 Pagesgoods. What’s more, online shopping is way much easier due to the variety of options. Online shopping is more navigating while you are deciding. After you click on some products, a list of so called â€Å"recommended† or â€Å"related† products will be listed at the bottom of the window. Lastly, there are thousands of products can be listed online which can’t be possible in actual store, online shopping provides more options than actual stores. For example, if a customer wants to buy a shower curtain, he /Read MoreEssay on WikiLeaks: Changing the World1151 Words   |  5 Pagesbulk and stores them out of reach of governments or others trying to get a hold of them and releases it worldwide (â€Å"WikiLeaks†). WikiLeaks isn’t the traditional journalism but it’s soon redefining it. WikiLeaks plans to shine light on what’s really happening behind closed doors. They feel like the people should know everything that is going on in their own government and the secrets and lies should stop. A video called Collateral Murder was posted on the website, where innocent Iraqis and two reportersRead MoreShort Story918 Words   |  4 Pagesour foyer. Then, I kick my shoes off relatively near our front door. I’m exhausted. The school day, homework, cross country practice, and a student council meeting all seems impossible to handle in one day. I sweep the fallen pieces of my ponytail behind my ear and push my large square framed glasses up the bridge of my nose. â€Å"Beth, join us for dinner please!† I huff and trot into the kitchen where my family is seated for dinner. I sit in my usual spot across from my 10 year old brother, Brennan,Read More The Negative Impact of Internet and Television on our Youth Essay1410 Words   |  6 Pageseyes that sat under a continuous downcast brow, which made him seem almost humorous. Behind the horrendous face, rain pounded to the ground under a dark, cloudy night. Suddenly the scene changed to a two-storied house. The mysterious man slowly trudged over to the house. A ghostly wind swept back sheer curtains covering a sliding glass door to a bedroom of the two-storied house. A second breeze blew the curtain to reveal the mysterious man standing inside head turned down and arms out to his sidesRead MoreBottled Water : An Overview706 Words   |  3 Pagesproduct to nature, that disguises their products as pure and clean as nature. In this way, there are more selling points on the product. As the res ult, the success triggers them to treat nature more as commodity that is profitable. The incentive behind the misleading advertisements and high commodification of nature is that the company always react upon the consumers. People like nature, and people are willing to buy things that are organic, in other words, natural. The advertiser caught the favor

Oppositional Defiant Disorder And Its Impact On Social...

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is a condition that is mainly characterized by negative tendencies that are openly provocative in the course of their growth. The condition make individuals considerably more uncooperative and hostile compared to their peers at similar developmental level. Impaired Neurocognitive Functions Affect Social Learning Processes in Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder: Implications for Intervention explores various aspects of the critical disorder. The authors define Oppositional Defiant Disorder as a condition that is mainly distinguished by aggressive, oppositional and antisocial behaviors (Walter Matthys, 2012). Through a critical review of the article, this paper seeks to highlight various pivotal aspects of ODD. The aspects include the condition’s diagnosis, its implications on an individual’s health, medications and therapies. The diagnosis of Oppositional Defiant Disorder mainly comes as a result of observing certain cha racteristics of individuals’ behaviors. For instance, children who demonstrate disrespect towards authorities in their surroundings are usually diagnosed with the disorder. It is an exceptionally prevalent psychiatric disorder that has detrimental repercussions for slightly over three per cent of children and adolescents (Walter Matthys, 2012). According to the article, individuals suffering from Oppositional Defiant Disorder are mainly oppositional, antisocial and aggressive (Walter Matthys, 2012).Show MoreRelatedOppositional Defiant Disorder And Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Essay1725 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood disorders are relatively common throughout the United States, and can include such disorders as Autism, Pica, and various behavioral disorders. Although the effects of these disorders are by no means negligible, this paper is intended to focus on Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Conduct Disorder, and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder; their caus es, diagnostic criterion, treatment, and prevalence. These three disorders are considered separate diagnoses; however, if left un-managed OppositionalRead MoreAn Oppositional Defiant Disorder ( Developmental Manual And Statistical Manual Of Mental Disorders1515 Words   |  7 PagesFor one to understand Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) it is important to examine the criterion that place this disorder within the realm of Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders. The American Psychiatric Association note in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (2013) that, â€Å"[these] disorders include conditions involving problems in the self-control of emotions and behaviors. [They] are unique in that these problems are manifested in behaviors that violate theRead MoreMental Disorder And Disorder ( Adhd ) / Hd, Oppositional Defiant Disorder Or Disorder?1609 Words   |  7 PagesSTUDY #1- Eddie AD/HD, Oppositional Defiant Disorder or Conduct Disorder A. Step-by-step process: 1. Is the problem symptom for real? The problems that were described by Eddie’s family, teacher and therapist provide us with enough information that his problem symptoms are, in fact, real. 2. Rule out substance etiology (drug abuse, medication, toxin exposure)—There is no indication of any substance etiology that would cause these behaviors in the child. 3. Rule out a disorder due to a general medicalRead MoreThe Effects Of Adhd On Children And How It Affects Their School Life1698 Words   |  7 PagesHow it Affects Their School Life ADHD really affects the way a child develops. ADHD stands for â€Å"Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder† and it is a neurobehavioral disorder that causes overactivity, behavioral disinhibition, and poor attention span (Lassen, 2016). Children with ADHD can be easily distracted, delayed learning, bad memory, and have difficulty with social skills, leading to them falling behind in school and making it difficult to stay caught up with their peers. ADHD was originallyRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1761 Words   |  8 Pagesof ADHD with Autism and Oppositional Defiant Disorder, along with in-depth analysis of the IRIS Modules Perceptions of Disability and Classroom Management: Learning the Components of a Comprehensive Behavior Management Plan, and the documentary â€Å"Medicating Kids† by PBS. I chose this specific assignment based on my own experience with ADHD, and the desire to better understand the disorder. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is defined in theRead MoreOppositional Defiant Disorder Case Studycase Study4246 Words   |  17 PagesTable of Contents Title: Page: Special Education in Ireland 1 What is Oppositional Defiant Disorder?(ODD) 3 What Causes ODD? 3 Symptoms of ODD 4 How Is ODD Diagnosed? 4 What is the Treatment for ODD? 5 Prognosis 5 Emotional and Practical Implications on the Family 5 Resources Available 6 Role of the Interdisciplinary Team 7 Elements of Good Practice 7 Conclusion and Personal LearninRead MoreOppositional Defiant Disorder Case Studycase Study4258 Words   |  18 PagesTable of Contents Title: Page: Special Education in Ireland 1 What is Oppositional Defiant Disorder?(ODD) 3 What Causes ODD? 3 Symptoms of ODD 4 How Is ODD Diagnosed? 4 What is the Treatment for ODD? 5 Prognosis 5 Emotional and Practical Implications on the Family 5 Resources Available 6 Role of the Interdisciplinary Team 7 Elements of Good Practice 7 Conclusion and Personal Learnin 8 BibliographyRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )2224 Words   |  9 PagesATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER IN CHILDREN: WHAT EDUCATORS NEED TO KNOW By Camille Chushnie A Research Paper The Graduate School of Education Pace University New York City Campus ED670 April 2016 â€Æ' Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurological disorder that diminishes an individual’s ability to control impulsive and hyperactive behavior. ADHD is prevalent in school age children who ranges between four and seventeen years of age. Its symptoms rangeRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome1649 Words   |  7 Pagesinside the uterus is affected differently. FASD is not a clinical diagnosis (Caley et al., 2005). Currently the diagnoses under FASD include fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), partial fetal alcohol syndrome (pFAS), alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND), and alcohol related birth defects (ARBD) (Bertrand, 2009). FAS is considered the most severe of the FASD diagnosis and is compriseds of facial dysmorphia (features that include the narrowing of the eyes, smooth area between the lips andRead MoreSociety Should Drive Media, Not The Other Way Around899 Words   |  4 PagesOpinion editor for the Easterner, Sam days, put it well when he said, â€Å"Society should drive media, not the other way around.† This is important to remember for many reasons, Social media can sometimes control adults and the children of this generation. Many reputable scholars are beginning to see the loss of control on technology in America’s culture today, a cry for real human interaction is starting to be heard from those who can listen. Empirical Studies based out of Sweden took a special interest

America Needs Mental Health Care - 2384 Words

According to globalmentalhealth.org It is estimated that 120 million people suffer from depression, 50 million from epilepsy, 37 million from althezimers disease and 24 million from schizophrenia. About 1 million people worldwide commit suicide every year, and approximately 20 million unsuccessfully attempt suicide. In the United States, suicide is the eighth leading cause of death—another life is taken this way every 17 minutes. With these figures in mind it brings up the question Do we as a society handle mental health properly? From a global scale to how we all individually handle the mental health of others. Lots of people claim that mental health is being treated properly stating preposterous things like; we are already doing enough†¦show more content†¦If we as people truly handle mental health properly then we would not shame people who need help or think of the stereotypical asylum that comes along with mental health, these stigmas quickly prove we do not hand le mental health properly. For example myth that we do enough globally for those in need of mental help can quickly be disproven by simple facts and information. Many people disagree with the following claims, Dr.Cesar Chelala wrote in a piece for globalmentalhealth.org that states â€Å"on a global scale, approximately 70 percent of people have access to less than one psychiatrist per 100,000 people, 55 percent of people have access to less than one neurologist per million people, and 44 percent of people have access to less than one psychiatric nurse per 100,000 people. These are general figures that do not take into consideration significant regional, national, and local variations. All in all, the services and resources available are one-tenth to one-hundredth of what is needed.† Proving that we are not doing all we can to help those who need it, the world lacks the sufficient amounts of specialists and facilities to help those who need it. Mental illness is becoming a rapid problem in many countrie s and can be a big issue to many people s safety if people can not get the help they need, in an article for CNN author Johan Nylander writes about the mental health crisis in China and around the world he states that â€Å"work

The Main Functions of the DHS and the FEMA Essay Sample free essay sample

The Department of Homeland Security ( DHS ) and the Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) are two authorities organisations that are responsible for presenting assorted signifiers of services to the people. The DHS. which was created through the Homeland Security Act of 2002. is fundamentally an executive section of the United States whose chief function is to forestall and queer terrorist onslaughts to the state ( Department of Homeland Security. 2008 ) . On the other manus. the FEMA is portion of the DHS whose primary mission is to protect the state from all sorts of jeopardies. such as natural catastrophes and terrorist onslaughts. and cut down the loss of belongings and life in instance these jeopardies occur ( Federal Emergency Management Agency. 2008 ) . Both the DHS and FEMA played outstanding functions in reconstructing the countries that were ravaged by hurricanes Katrina and Rita in 2004. The FEMA together with the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development ( HUD ) . leased existent estate belongingss owned by the HUD to 10. We will write a custom essay sample on The Main Functions of the DHS and the FEMA Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 000 displaced households ( Department of Homeland Security. 2008 ) . In add-on. following the monolithic desolation brought approximately by the two hurricanes. the DHS and the FEMA have intensified their hurricane consciousness and preparedness thrust in order to minimise casualties and amendss to belongings. Ever since the hurricanes struck. the DHS and the FEMA. have significantly increased the country’s reserves of alleviation supplies. implemented extended catastrophe programs. and instilled a sense of consciousness among the people ( White House. 2007 ) . In this respect. it can be deduced that both organisations have fulfilled their responsibilities of guaranting the safety of the states against catastrophes and terrorist onslaughts. Furthermore. following the 9/11 terrorist onslaughts in 2001. it is safe to state that the DHS has invariably maintained a safe environment as shown in its assorted security steps and in its readiness against future possible terrorist onslaughts. Mentions Department of Homeland Security. ( 2008 ) .Hurricane Katrina: What Government is Doing.Retrieved April 9. 2008 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. dhs. gov/xprepresp/programs/gc_1157649340100. shtm. Department of Homeland Security. ( 2008 ) .Strategic Plan—Securing Our Homeland.Retrieved April 9. 2008 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. dhs. gov/xabout/strategicplan/index. shtm. Federal Emergency Management Agency. ( 2008 ) .FEMA Mission.Retrieved April 9. 2008 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. Federal Emergency Management Agency. gov/about/index. shtm. White House. ( 2007 ) .Hurricane Preparedness. Retrieved April 9. 2008 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. whitehouse. gov/infocus/hurricane.

Why Liberal Arts Essay Example For Students

Why Liberal Arts? Essay Most students question why we have to go to school and take liberal arts courses that do not necessarily prepare us for our field. When we ask our professors or teachers, they tell us it is because we should learn to be well rounded students. This is not enough to convince many. Students do not have a real understanding of Why liberal arts education is helpful so they do not see the need to learn it. Many students only memorize the facts to pass the tests they have to take and then forget it because it has no meaning or interest to them. We will write a custom essay on Why Liberal Arts? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Prom my experience, never thought that liberal arts courses were important so I never ally tried to do well in those classes. I just did What I had to do to receive a grade and did not absorb the knowledge. In William Bonnets, A Nation Worth Defending and Mark Jacksons The Liberal Arts: A Practical View, both authors explain why having a background with a liberal arts education is beneficial, important and how it connects with the real world. If students do not learn the connections between what they are learning and how they can apply it to the real world, they will never appreciate the information that they will learn and therefore, wont be able to apply it to the real world. In A Nation Worth Attending, Bennett, the former Secretary to Education, stresses the connection between history and the real world. He states that schools do not do a good enough job at teaching their students the right material. Bennett believes that students should learn about our history so we can defend our nation together, writing, This historical ignorance is not merely of academic concern. It has real-world consequences (32). Bennett believes that we do not have enough people that live in our blessed country that are willing and able to defend it He says that students need to learn from the heroism of September 1 lath and to do that; they must be reminded of it. This in turn will teach them to be patriotic. (35). If students do not know our history, they will not have a reason or desire to fight for our country. This is a substantial for citizens because todays children are tomorrows soldiers, citizens, and leaders (35). They are what we are relying on to defend our country, their country, in the future. I agree With Bennett as he points out that in a poll 57% Of high school students are below basic in their knowledge of history (32) and I agree with that. In high school, I only took the minimal amount Of courses needed in order to radiate. In the poll, they discovered that less than half of those surveyed could name the Secretary of State, about one-third could identify the prime minister of Israel and the U. S Secretary of Defense, and just 14% could identify the president of Pakistan, even as we rely on that nations help in the war in Afghanistan (32). This did not really surprise me because I do not know any of these things myself. Although I do not believe that it is the schools responsibility to teach us everything that is going on today, they should be held accountable to at least teach us some things. For example, never learned what Democrats or Republicans meant. I just heard about it during elections but they do not have any sort of significance to me because do not know what it is. Teachers explanation for having a liberal arts education comes off to be a connotation of being the perfect, well rounded student. .u3e4edf2b071e3221d8aba1ec871d04dc , .u3e4edf2b071e3221d8aba1ec871d04dc .postImageUrl , .u3e4edf2b071e3221d8aba1ec871d04dc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3e4edf2b071e3221d8aba1ec871d04dc , .u3e4edf2b071e3221d8aba1ec871d04dc:hover , .u3e4edf2b071e3221d8aba1ec871d04dc:visited , .u3e4edf2b071e3221d8aba1ec871d04dc:active { border:0!important; } .u3e4edf2b071e3221d8aba1ec871d04dc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3e4edf2b071e3221d8aba1ec871d04dc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3e4edf2b071e3221d8aba1ec871d04dc:active , .u3e4edf2b071e3221d8aba1ec871d04dc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3e4edf2b071e3221d8aba1ec871d04dc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3e4edf2b071e3221d8aba1ec871d04dc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3e4edf2b071e3221d8aba1ec871d04dc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3e4edf2b071e3221d8aba1ec871d04dc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3e4edf2b071e3221d8aba1ec871d04dc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3e4edf2b071e3221d8aba1ec871d04dc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3e4edf2b071e3221d8aba1ec871d04dc .u3e4edf2b071e3221d8aba1ec871d04dc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3e4edf2b071e3221d8aba1ec871d04dc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Gentrification Of Gentrification And Chicago EssayIt also is not enough to convince them to pursue an interest or the idea of motivation to care. If students were taught the connections of how they can apply what they learned in the real world, they Will better understand why it is important. Students alike with the odder day civilization have the urge to be prep. en wrong in order for them to give a second thought on certain situations since ignorance is a blocking their vision of reason and common sense. Since students dont see the importance, some students Will not do well and some even drop out Of school because they do not see how it could be useful to them. Most people tend to be caught up in the now and fads which heavily influence their life decisions. In Jacksons The Liberal Arts: A Practical View, he suggests that liberal arts teaches us abilities we can take with us for when we get jobs. He goes on to say that it does not matter how good your intellectual abilities are if you do not know how to communicate, Even though liberal arts courses can help you succeed, schools should balance them with studies that help with a students specialization in their field of study. Jackson stresses, Though it is obvious that liberal arts courses do have considerable practical value, a college education would not be complete without some job training (218). A student that got all Ass in their courses does not necessarily get a well-paid job if they lack the ability to put their point across, If students learned this ability in school, they would be more useful in the real world. I always wondered why it was important to be well rounded. Did not know why had to take courses in foreign language. It never occurred to me that one of the things you learn in those courses is how to speak with confidence to others. I think that if I had known the importance of these classes, I would have done better and the information would have stuck with me. Instead, took the classes that was told needed to take, got good grades in them but it was a matter Of just learning the material to pass a test and then I forgot it later. I had not learned the reasons behind doing such projects or presentations had to give. There were hidden attributes to these things we had to do and no one told us what they were. I believe that students should be accountable for taking some classes like history, speech, English, and math. We can apply the information we get from these courses to the real world. All students need is to see the connections of the information to the real world and believe if they know these things, as a result, they would be more interested in it and have more initiative to learn them. Bennett and Jackson both agree that there are problems with education. The two authors stress their concerns in their writings thoroughly, Bennett believes that liberal arts education is important but needs to balance those liberal art courses with courses students need for specializing in their field of choice. Jackson believes that students should be more aware of the history of our nation and that schools should be responsible for teaching it. If teachers showed the connections how a liberal arts education can connect to the real world and help them in their future, students will take it more seriously and better absorb the knowledge. This would be of great impact to students because a liberal arts education is very valuable to have believe that if liberal arts courses were composed of courses that would help with our field of study for the future, would have taken the courses more seriously and would hue been more engaged in learning. Why Liberal Arts Essay Example For Students Why Liberal Arts Essay A liberal arts degree provides an inherent advantage in Mitten and oral communication, interpersonal skills, problem solving, critical and analytical thinking, and adaptability to change, says JP Hansen. Though, a liberal arts course has existed since the 18th century. It has just started spreading across India. And one of the few universities in India which offers this course is the Symbiosis School for liberal arts. Symbiosis being a world-wide recognized university completely understands the requirements of todays job opportunities. There are quite many reasons how a student could benefit by studying at the Symbiosis School for Liberal Arts, pun, They are: * Provides you with an opportunity to interact with students from different places Provides you with quality education * Different teaching methodologies k Attention-grabbing guest lectures * Very accommodating faculty members k Helps you develop more interests * Smaller classrooms k Good student-teacher ratio * Exciting field trips * Fees of RSI, 1 lake and 50 Thousand for a local student. We will write a custom essay on Why Liberal Arts specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now With a wide range of course and affordable fees. Apart, from this SALSA also gives students to go abroad to other universities as exchange students, Though, just a new born university. The Symbiosis School for Liberal Arts offers a wide range of course and is highly beneficial for students. It lets students contribute to the college with their creativity whether it is in the form tot art or logic. Hence, SALSA is the perfect college with the perfect environment for students.

Free Essays on Caitlins Inner Struggle

Have you ever been in a situation in your life that you wanted to get out of but at the same time you couldn’t or simply didn’t want to? This often feels like you’re stuck in a dream and can’t wake up. In the novel Dreamland by Sarah Dessen, the protagonist, Cailtin, finds herself being taken to â€Å"Dreamland† by her new boyfriend and she can’t decide whether to leave this dream or not. From the very first moment Caitlin met Rogerson, to the day he started hitting her, until the end when Rogerson is arrested, Cailtin is faced with an inner struggle between leaving or staying with him. The day Cailtin met Rogerson she realizes he is bad news. Rogerson is a drug dealer, so every night he goes around parties to make new deals while Cailtin either waits in car or goes along. This circuit soon becomes a routine, and Cailtin starts to smoke and do drugs along with her new boyfriend. Caitlin later finds out from her friends that Rogerson has been expelled from different schools and he is now serving various community service projects to make up for all the trouble he has been in. Cailtin is also introduced to her boyfriend’s family and she becomes aware of the unpleasant and not very loving relationship between them. Cailtin is conscious of Rogerson’s bad life, but she enjoys being with him. Rogerson gives her the attention she doesn’t get from being the sidekick of her beautiful and popular best friend. Rogerson doesn’t know much about her so she is free to act the anyway she wants, be someone new and have a different life. Cailtin becomes d eeply involved with Rogerson, and soon experiences his â€Å"troubles† first-hand. After dating for a few months, the couple has an argument that leads to Rogerson hitting his girlfriend and the start of a physically abusive relationship. In a hot summer, the two make plans to go out. Struggling with her school work, Cailtin loses track of time and is late for her date. The couple argu... Free Essays on Caitlin's Inner Struggle Free Essays on Caitlin's Inner Struggle Have you ever been in a situation in your life that you wanted to get out of but at the same time you couldn’t or simply didn’t want to? This often feels like you’re stuck in a dream and can’t wake up. In the novel Dreamland by Sarah Dessen, the protagonist, Cailtin, finds herself being taken to â€Å"Dreamland† by her new boyfriend and she can’t decide whether to leave this dream or not. From the very first moment Caitlin met Rogerson, to the day he started hitting her, until the end when Rogerson is arrested, Cailtin is faced with an inner struggle between leaving or staying with him. The day Cailtin met Rogerson she realizes he is bad news. Rogerson is a drug dealer, so every night he goes around parties to make new deals while Cailtin either waits in car or goes along. This circuit soon becomes a routine, and Cailtin starts to smoke and do drugs along with her new boyfriend. Caitlin later finds out from her friends that Rogerson has been expelled from different schools and he is now serving various community service projects to make up for all the trouble he has been in. Cailtin is also introduced to her boyfriend’s family and she becomes aware of the unpleasant and not very loving relationship between them. Cailtin is conscious of Rogerson’s bad life, but she enjoys being with him. Rogerson gives her the attention she doesn’t get from being the sidekick of her beautiful and popular best friend. Rogerson doesn’t know much about her so she is free to act the anyway she wants, be someone new and have a different life. Cailtin becomes d eeply involved with Rogerson, and soon experiences his â€Å"troubles† first-hand. After dating for a few months, the couple has an argument that leads to Rogerson hitting his girlfriend and the start of a physically abusive relationship. In a hot summer, the two make plans to go out. Struggling with her school work, Cailtin loses track of time and is late for her date. The couple argu...

What is the role of the consumer in our culture Essay

What is the role of the consumer in our culture - Essay Example There are times that an individual can go to purchase a certain commodity and probably finds the attendant with very poor moods. In such conditions, the attendant may talk in a wanting manner and at times fail to satisfy the customer. There are times however that an individual may find the attendant in appropriate moods. These are the times that they may even get a bonus or rather receive a special type of treatment from the attendant. This information shows that there does not exist any particular way through which one can identify the treatment accorded to them as a customer since it is unpredictable. The customer has minimal power over the production process of the commodity or the media’s involvement with the product. The media is whole other setting and many times, people say that the media is independent. This in itself alone as a sentence enables an individual to understand that the consumer has no control over the media’s involvement with a certain product. The customer however has an extended involvement in the production of a commodity. The reason is that at times, a group of consumers may have some negative reaction towards a certain commodity and this may make them submit their grievances to the production team (Ewen & Ewen). It is after this that the manager may pass the information to the relevant quality control teams to make amends. It is also vital to grasp and comprehend that the ordinary consumer does not have any control over the ideas that the media may have on a certain product. There are times that a consumer may use a product and have a negative view about it. After this, the consumer may find the media advertising the commodity and giving it fake praises. This normally angers the consumer but the reality is they cannot do anything concerning this. It is the right of the product owner to

How can Human Rerources Make a Strategic Contribution to Organisations Essay

How can Human Rerources Make a Strategic Contribution to Organisations in a Time of Economic Recession - Essay Example It is further observed that loss of business of the star category premium hotels led to the final closure of many such large groups in and across the European continent. The reduction in transactions pertaining to the premium category hotels leads to the closure of many such units thereby rendering a large amount of impact on the human resources employed in such sectors. The hotels in order to counter the economic impacts of the global recession also amounted to rendering large amount of job cuts thereby complicating the situation (Jones, 2009, p.364-366). In the light of the above situation the paper proceeds to understand the managerial implications of the hotel companies to help sustain their position in the fluctuating market and also to effectively retain the human resources employed in the concern. ... In this Dent suggests that Managers herein are required to play a key role in making the employees understand the benefits and the implications involved in regards to incorporation of changes in the business policy and technological paradigm. Effective feedback must be gained from the people working in various levels and departments in regards to the incorporation of new policies and technological methods to reduce the climate of obstruction in the organisation (Dent and Goldberg, 1999, p.39). Again, Ford, Ford and D’Amelio in their article states that the existence of resistance in regards to the incorporation of a new business philosophy must not always be taken as a mode of obstruction. Rather people turn out to be resistant to changes when they feel that changes demanded by the managers are not legitimate enough or would prove detrimental to the interests of the working class. Thus managers need to pay heed to the needs and interests of the people before deciding on to imp lement the change process. Again in that the demands of the people resisting organisational change must not always be taken as irrational in nature. Rather the interests of the people taken into consideration would help in the formation of counter arguments resulting in more effective policy making. The process of resistance invites the development of thought process in regards to the organisational managers to help in formulating more dynamic and scientific business policies and methods for the concern. Thus the people rendering resistance need to be taken as agents in the change bearing process and not as potential obstructers. In this light, Elrod II and Tippett in their

Multicultural Managers In Global Teams

Multicultural Managers In Global Teams LOreal is an intriguing company: Very French in culture and image, and yet very global in products, brands and activities. It is poised to reach the next billion consumers mostly among the budding middle class of emerging economies. In this article we explore one facet of L Oreals success: Its very clever use of managers with bi-cultural backgrounds in the most critical process for the success of the company; new product development. Of course we all now recognize that cultural diversity is a good thing, and we value executives with expatriate assignments in their backgrounds, who claim themselves to have become cosmopolitan. LOreal goes one big step further: Rather than just diversity among executives it seeks diversity within each executive [2. Yves: Brannen Thomas, 2010: p.6 p.13: cultural diversity that exists within individuals and MYB Lee, forthcoming, p.23: diversity within a single person] Yves, i.e., it hires develops and uses strategically individual who usually by way of a multicultural early childhood-have gained the ability to understand and behave according to the cultural meanings and norms of two or more cultures. [3. Yves: This definition of multiculturalism. MYB can not argue to own the definition as hers. Previously other researchers define biculturalism such as Hong et al., 2000 in their phenomenal article, Multicultural minds] Not only can they be precious bridges between their cultures of origins, they can also be sensitive alert scouts in new cultures, with an ability to grasp them much greater than individuals from a single cultural origin. [4. Yves: This is about multiculturals cognitive complexity (BMV et al., 2006 and Tadmor et al., 2006/9. I think this sentence is more common sense. I heard a lot from those who participated in Bicultural thought leadership conference in Green Gulch and Abu Dhabi] Not every global company needs bi-cultural executives but many can greatly benefit and learn from them, thus instilling in their international executives -whose vast majority are from a single cultural origin-some of the critical cross-cultural skills that help make them effective. [5. Yves: Is this can be a common sense?, I dont find exactly same words or phrase in MYBs]In this article we draw a few lessons from examining LOreals decade long experience in using bi-cultural executives selectively. But first, what is the challenge bi-culturals allow to address successfully? [6. Yves: I dont know why she highlighted here] THE CHALLENGE: IT IS NOT EASY TO BE LOCAL AND GLOBAL Global competitors face an age-old tension: Serving regional or national markets requires adaptation to local conditions, and calls for differentiation in their products, services, and business models, but achieving economies of scale and scope across markets calls for uniformity and integration of activities. Local responsiveness and global integration are hard to combine. Some products are clearly global, such as TV sets, except for regulatory and language differences, and simple technical differences such as voltage. Others, such as restaurants, are intrinsically local, although global formulas and brands may succeed, such as Starbucks or Benihana. Many products, and to a lesser extent services, call both for responsiveness to local differences and for some form of global integration, of brands, marketing and advertising, manufacturing, product development, and research. They are affected by the global-local duality of knowledge differentiation and integration in innovation proces ses. Perhaps at the forefront are companies striving to develop global products in culture-sensitive and ethnically differentiated markets, such as cosmetics and skin or hair care. LOrà ©al very much faces this challenge: Its main product categories, skin care, hair care, hair color and beauty categories are sensitive to global economies of scale and scope, and they also need to be highly responsive to local market differences. Furthermore, not all of LOrà ©als product categories face the same mix of demands: Hair care may be very regional and dependent on ethnic differences, lipstick and most fragrances much more universal. Luxury brands are more global than mass market ones, which are often local. Figure 1: The complexity of product portfolio: Responsiveness and Integration Differences The global integration-local responsiveness issue is further complicated when the knowledge required to develop and market products is complex. Yet, such complex knowledge (tacit and collective, only revealed in action and interaction) now lies at the heart of innovation and global competitive advantage, not just for LOrà ©al but also for most global competitors. Other forms of arbitrage, for products, costs, or materialsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ are easily imitated, and have been. Complex knowledge is hard to identify and observe, let alone imitate. It has become the main source of sustainable competitive advantage for global competitors. It drives hard to imitate innovations. LOrà ©al as a leading French multinational company in skin care and beauty products provides a remarkable example of relying on complex knowledge for innovation: Its products are not just chemicals, much more importantly, they depend on fashion, style, seduction, they convey national image of French womens sophisticationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ they elicit the idealized self-image of its customers and their value is conveyed through complex, often subliminal advertising and multiple distribution channels. Of course, some highly culture- and context-dependent products, with a strong national identity happen to find readily a global market. They are widely adopted worldwide with little or no adaptation (French perfumes, U.S. action movies, German classical music and high-end cars, Japanese Mangas, Korean K-Pop, Bollywood movie and TV productions or U.S. fast food). But these are exceptions more than the rule. In fact, a common language, high cultural and institutional homogeneity, greater density of interpersonal networks and friendships, and less not-invented-here resistance mean complex knowledge generally diffuses more rapidly within single countries than across national boundaries. So, in industries where complex knowledge drives innovative advantage success depends on face-to-face (or rather shoulder to shoulder) participation in local and national networks where new complex knowledge first arises. [7. Yves: Isnt this argument yours?] MNCs should build, manage, and globally integra te their local/global capabilities and dispersed inputs. Yet the quality of local knowledge access, being embedded in local cultures and networks, often makes global sharing more difficult, as local participants in global innovation processes are culturally very different and closely identify with their origins. [8. Yves: Isnt this yours as well? MYB doesnt do much about knowledge and global innovation, does she?] For many companies, such as LOrà ©al, this challenge is further complicated by an additional contradiction: While they want to be global, they do not want to relinquish the advantages associated with their country of origin. LOrà ©al does not just sell cosmetics, it mainly sells French-ness to women around the world. In other words, its identity, and its founders cultural inheritance need to be protected, and remain part and parcel of its global offerings. The company has maintained its founders spirit of entrepreneurship, and remains largely family-controlled, with a very strong shared culture. Over its 73 years, it has had only four CEOs (including the founder), all with very long tenures, and it promotes only from within. One becomes part of senior management over the years, as one weaves a dense network of relationships with colleagues and builds trust over time. In France, the company has a reputation for being the consumer marketing school, and many of its alumni have become successful entrepreneurs and business builders, such as LOccitane en Provence, a highly successful fast growing skin and body care company. Its third CEO, Welshman (and INSEAD graduate) Lindsey Owen Jones is widely credited for having transformed the company from a regional European challenger to a global leader, but the company still remains quite remarkably French. Traditional approaches to the internationalization of senior management would not work well for LOrà ©al, or might only work very slowly since a rapid infusion of international executives in the top ranks might compromise the tightly knit and informal French community of senior managers, operating as a global network. Furthermore at LOrà ©al, complex knowledge about products, cultures, and how to work together is progressively learned and internalized by individuals as their career develops, which makes a rapid internationalization of senior management through hiring from outside largely impossible. French managers are often assigned to international operations, and learn about the plurality of cultural and institutional contexts, as well as about differen t consumer priorities, but few foreigners become senior executives. The most promising international executives might be reluctant to join LOrà ©al anyway fearing the risk of a glass ceiling. Successful senior executives often identify themselves as partly French, for instance French and German, of French, Moroccan, and German. And even executives that identify themselves as foreigners take great pain to explain they have lived in France and worked for LOrà ©al for a long time and pride themselves on speaking perfect French. The main language of the company has remained French. [9. Yves: This is my observation and your informal discussion when you lead workshop with LOreal RD top management a while ago] STRUCTURAL SOLUTIONS DO NOT WORK: For LOrà ©al, and for many multinational companies, to successfully address the global-local innovation duality, simple structural solutions such as regional units or global product divisions wont work, for at least two reasons. First, the product range puts both intensely global and intensely local demands on the way the company is run. No either-or organizational solution will work, the company needs both global and local priorities effectively taken into consideration in decision-making. Take perfumes (or fragrances as they are known in the industry). World products and famous world brands (think of Chanel No 5) are the name of the game, but the underlying knowledge needed to develop a perfume resides mainly in France, for historical reasons. Second, companies such as LOrà ©al need a wide range of products to maintain their strength in distribution: fragrances, cosmetics, skin care products, and hair products. Any simple structural approach such as local subsidiaries and regional entities or global business units would fit a few of their products but not all, given the diversity of demands for local responsiveness and global integration shown on Figure 1. Some are more global, such as perfumes or cosmeti cs, others are more regional or local, such as hair care or skin care. As the company considers increasingly the next billion customers (as the CEO stresses) in emerging economies, both the advantages of global scale and the need for local differentiation will increase even further. For some products, like fragrances, most relevant market and technical knowledge can be found in one place, for most though, like hair care, relevant knowledge is distributed around the world and will become even more so with the growing importance of emerging economies. Furthermore, speed is often of the essence: Knowledge-driven FMCG (Fast Moving Consumer Goods, such as beauty and skin care products) industries call for a continuous stream of innovations across a wide product portfolio facing both local responsiveness demands and global integration advantages, but in varying degree among products. In new areas, such as anti-aging, competition is intense and fast, as well as technology based, in mature areas it is slower and marketing driven. Yet, any technological advantages are short-lived. Yet speed needs to be tempered by continuity. Even with constant innovation, markets quickly reduce the most advanced products to the condition of feature-less commodities unless brand equity has been built very quickly. Underlying ingredients are relatively stable and long-lived, but new products are frequent. Brands cover families of products (Lancà ´me, Biothermà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) to provide continuity and lasting brand strength but leave room for fast and fre quent product renewals. Continuity of brands, and of channels, and renewal of products have to be carefully integrated. No organizational structure, global business units or country organizations will be up to the task. Structure is too blunt a tool. Of course, some multinationals resort to matrix organizations, but adopting a matrix organization is a cop out: It just acknowledges that, as we just outlined, complex, varied and rapid trade offs between local responsiveness and global integration need to be made constantly on very specific issues: product packaging, marketing campaigns, specific chemical ingredients, etc. So rather than risk getting mired in the negotiations that end up being so characteristic on matrix organizations, many companies, LOreal included, go one step further: Global teams. GLOBAL TEAMS: PROMISE AND PITFALLS Faced with such challenges to achieve worldwide innovation, combine global knowledge integration and local knowledge differentiation, and be fast, global companies increasingly resort to global, and often virtual, teams. These teams hold the promise of effective knowledge creation, knowledge sharing, as well as flexibility, responsiveness, and speed. Yet, in practice in many companies these global teams are no panacea: they suffer from misunderstandings, conflicts and often fall prey to a Babel Syndrome: their members talk past each other, not together, and teamwork breaks down. The results of their work are often disappointing, particularly when complex knowledge is essential, like the proverbial camel designed by a (multi-cultural) committee. Actually, it is often difficult to transmit even explicit knowledge across cultural boundaries and it seems impossible to transmit tacit knowledge, where physical distance also gets in the way. Even seemingly universal and very precisely expli cit knowledge, such as mathematics, is liable to different perspectives and interpretations in different cultures. Tacit knowledge cannot be transmitted over distance because it is revealed only in action and cannot be meaningfully explained. It has to be learned through (co)-practice. [10. Yves: The difficulty to transfer tacit knowledge is common sense and not only MYB (2004) and much earlier, other researchers (Szulanski, 1996; Zander Kogut, 1995) already argued.] BI-CULTURAL MANAGERS AND GLOBAL TEAMS AT LORÉAL To avoid the pitfalls typical of global teams LOrà ©al makes extensive use of bi-cultural managers and professionals in its product development process (i.e., individuals, usually of mixed cultural backgrounds, who can switch their frame of reference, both in what they understand and in how they behave, between two or more cultures). Although bi- and multi-culturals only account for a very small proportion of LOrà ©als employees (a few dozens out of 69 000 employees in 130 subsidiaries) they play a key role in the most critical activity of the company: new product development, headquartered in Paris. No less than forty percent of about 160 product development project managers (among whom 40% come from foreign subsidiaries and 60% were recruited in France) are multicultural. LOrà ©al has maintained this recruitment balance in new product development leaders for over ten years. The task: New product development teams, each composed of a few people, some multicultural (the smaller circles on Figure 2), work closely with other groups such as research and development, the international marketing team, and local subsidiaries in a highly interactive process. It involves functional groups within HQ and across regional offices. Newly created product concepts also have to be coherent with existing product lines (e.g., hair care products that use only natural plants) and their reputation (e.g., environment-friendly and people-tested). So considerable inputs from the various subsidiaries are needed. Finally, the product has to be feasible for manufacturing without any risks. Developing a new product concept takes from six months to a year depending on the products level of novelty. In developing a new product concept, multicultural project managers have to present their work to top management on a regular basis, both formally and informally. Once they obtain approval for their new product concept, they present their project at the la journà ©e mondiale, LOrà ©als largest and most important yearly event at HQ. This event attracts all regional directors from all around the globe who come to evaluate future products (i.e., those that would hit the market in one or two years). If feedback from the regional directors attending this event is positive the multicultural project managers move from articulating product concepts to actually designing the products. In the design phase, multicultural project managers select and combine ingredients, choose product colors, and design packaging for the product with the packaging team (often outsourced) and manufacturing team (called the Factory). They interface intensely both with headquarter functions and local subsidiaries around the world. Through all phases, project managers work with their colleagues in teams within and across departments at HQ and local subsidiaries. Multicultural project managers work with others on three levels. First, they work in their own team (called the unit team), where they managed informal relationships with other product managers. One product development team is composed of two or three project managers who are responsible for developing different products for the same region in the same product category (e.g., hair products). For example, for Latin America, one multi-cultural manager (Lebanese-Spanish-American) was in charge of womens hair color, while another (French-Irish-Cambodian) was in charge of womens hair care (hair damage). They shared physical space so that they could exchange ideas, information, and feedback (the larger central circle on Figure 2). Second, they interact with their boss and the leaders of other functional departments in Paris. Although more than 40% of the project managers in the new product development division are multi-cultural, the majority of their direct bosses are mono-cultural, very French. Project managers meet their direct boss quite freely any time they needed or vice versa. Regular divisional team meetings with top management are held with other unit teams (for the same product line, such as hair care Asia and hair care international), other functional departments, and teams in local subsidiaries. Informal meetings with other functional departments (e.g., RD, supply chain, advertising, and packaging) are held based on the phase of the product development process. Third, project managers work with local subsidiaries, via email, phone calls, and videoconferences. They also visit local offices regularly. It is the project managers direct bosses, however, who visit local subsidiaries more frequently-at least once a month-as they are in charge of developing several products at the same time. In addition, because project managers are operating within a tight schedule and budget, they accompany their direct boss only when the visit is urgent and important. In the final development phase project managers involve employees who executed promotional campaigns through television, the Internet, and other advertising activities. They set up all visual images of products, articulate the products selling points, and choose the best way to promote the products they developed. Team leaders with more experience lead the promotion campaign directly. More specifically, experienced team leaders travel to local subsidiaries and direct all processes of promotion. Product promotion also involves various new tasks often outsourced to new groups. For example, to promote a make-up product for Chinese women, the promotion team hired a famous local movie star, local make-up and uniform team, local stage setting team, and a professional camera crew (which was a French team). Television commercials are typically expensive and take months to complete. The people: Beginning with their recruitment, multicultural project managers at LOrà ©al gained credibility for new product development by being labeled international talent by the Human Resource department, a prestigious title in a company trying to combine strong French roots with global reach. Most had at least five years of working experience in sales and marketing in local subsidiaries, or for those recruited in France, who were graduates of top business schools, twelve months of intensive training in product development and marketing department at HQ. At LOrà ©al, they were called the stars or crà ¨me de la crà ¨me (meaning the best of the best). LOrà ©al designated an HR manager who managed the performance and career development of these employees who were anticipated to be top performers. Figure 2: Team composition and its work within and across units at LOrà ©al !!!Yves: From this part till conclusion in p.19, all parts are from the 2nd chapter of my dissertation. Multiculturals in global teams: Multi-cultural individuals that have internalized more than a single cultural schema (i.e., the values, norms of behavior and beliefs of a given culture), [11. Yves: this is the definition of multiculturalism. See #3] bring unusual skills to solve challenges in knowledge transfer across international borders for global innovation. Not only do they bring the obvious knowledge of their own cultures, and the ability to translate and transfer complex knowledge between them, but also the latent skills to understand new third country knowledge in context, and being effective bridges to combine knowledge from these other countries.[12. Yves: understanding third culture knowledge is related to David Thomas metacognition (2008). I describe similar argument in my IJCCM paper as culture-general knowledge (Hong 2010: p. 96-97, I cited Thomas et al., 2008 Cultural Intelligence] LOrà ©al also recognizes multi-culturals creativity in new product development and thei r innovative ways to combine/ bridge knowledge in global teams. But more specifically, these bridging, translating and sense-making skills are key to the effectiveness [13. Yves: this is the 2nd chapter of my dissertation]of LOrà ©als global product development teams. Bi-culturals are uniquely able to play specific roles: Role 1: Managing Knowledge Processes in Teams In creating new products, multicultural project managers manage two kinds of knowledge: product- and market-related knowledge and organizational/practical knowledge. The multicultural project managers challenge is to integrate the creative options to be pursued, while transforming local market knowledge into global product knowledge for higher quality products and innovative concepts. To bring a creative product to fruition, their contribution to knowledge sharing processes in the team focused on three areas: (1) bringing new local product and market knowledge, (2) translating cultural nuances, (3) connecting geographically diverse knowledge and skills. [14.Yves: this is from my dissertation] Bringing new local product and market knowledge: Multicultural project managers were expected not only to know what evolving market attributes were but, more importantly, identify new market trends and generate market insights. In addition, to secure the new product concept, they worked with other members (e.g., team leaders, regional directors, RD, and local subsidiaries) by reviewing differing perspectives on the commercial viability of new product concepts. In response to these challenges, multicultural project managers brought both new product ideas and market understanding: Our team tries to find some natural ingredients for new hair care product. J (Hong Kong-Canadian-Singaporean) knows all the Chinese medicine that has no translation either in English or in French because its so authentic. J does not only explain these ingredients but also suggest some ways we (team) can use for our new products. (French Director) and bringing local market knowledge: The Polish-French project manager was raised in Poland until age 20. She described her life under the communist regime and after in terms of how she evaluates and appreciates make-up products. As our target consumers are about her age, everything she shared with other members is valuable for developing products and markets. She is actually educating us to get a better understanding of consumers in the region. (American-French regional director talking about Polish-French project manager) Translating cultural nuances: Even if a common syntax or language is present, as in mathematics or chemistry formulaes, interpretations are often difficult not in processing the information, but in learning about the sources of semantic differences across cultural boundaries.[15. Yves: MYB tends to argue as hers if there are phrases with language semantic. I just typed semantic difference in google scholars. There are so numerous papers talking about semantic difference across cultures from psychologists and linguists.]The problem then shifts to who interprets what. A French manager who planned a test of a new shampoo in a laboratory in Germany explained how his French-German-British multicultural manager who used to work in Germany helped him: If we say dry hair, dry hair on this floor (HQ) doesnt mean as same as German dry hair means. So, it is much safer to check with B who knows two cultures (French and German) and translate exactly what I mean as dry hair. (B is German-British-French multicultural) Connecting geographically diverse knowledge and skills: To generate creative ideas so that they can be implemented, multicultural project managers must be able to access expertise and draw analogies from one cultural group (e.g., local) to other cultural groups (e.g., other regions or globally). They synthesize those ideas from multiple sources-diverse cultural perspectives-for innovative products. [16. Yves: this is from my thesis] For example, a French-Cambodian-Irish project manager used the specificity of Asian womens skin care (reducing winkles) to develop a new product for the French market. He noted: While researching Asian skin-care products, I found that in Asia, some tinted cream (skin colored cream for make-up face) used face lifting effect, in France and Europe, none of tinted creams used face lifting effect. I developed a new tinted cream with face lifting effect for French market. It was a big success! (Team: French-Cambodian-Irish project manager, a Chinese-French and two French). Role 2: Managing Conflicts in Teams Cultural differences in teams increase the risk of conflict. Multicultural project managers manage conflicts in teams by (1) reducing misunderstandings and (2) displaying flexible behavior with people from diverse regions and cultures. [17.Yves: this is from my thesis] Reducing misunderstandings: Product development managers must gain cooperation from their colleagues at HQ and local subsidiaries. Multicultural project managers mitigated the negative effects of cultural distance and group boundaries on developing trust between HQ and local subsidiaries.[18. Yves: this is from my thesis] For example, an Indian-American-French project manager noted: If an Indian local manager said, India might have an issue with this ingredient for a new product because theres no written communication confirming this can be used to please our consumers. What they actually tried to tell me was, No, I wont do what you asked us to do and please lower your expectations. But I didnt make any negative comments on that. Instead I said, Okay, how about I discuss with RD at HQ and find out the way we solve this problem? In this way, I didnt make an uncomfortable situation. Instead, I got respect from them, which as a result had a positive influence on our work progress. (Indian-American-French manager; Team members at HQ: Chinese-French, French; Local teams: India, China, Thailand) This Indian-American-French project manager interpreted Ill try my best (Indian local team) as Its going to be difficult, or No, I am not going to do it. He preempted potential conflict and tried to avoid risky situations where the local team felt pushed by HQ. In this way, he could develop interpersonal trust between these two groups. However, although HQ members may not provide any negative comments immediately, but still hold a negative impression of the Indian. In other words, they prejudged that the Indian local team did not fulfill its responsibilities, and trust in the Indian team was lost. This may not cause a problem right away, but it may be a root for relational conflict that eventually harms the trust between HQ and local teams. This multicultural manager not only preempted potential conflict between two parties but also tried to avoid risky situations where the local team felt pushed by HQ. In this way, he could develop interpersonal trust between these two groups. Displaying flexible behavior to deal with people from diverse regions and cultures: Once conflicts erupt in teams, however, multicultural project managers handled those conflicts with tolerance. In other words, they were more accepting of different cultural values, less disturbed by them, and accordingly better at handling conflicts due to valuing cultural differences among members. [19. Yves: this is from my thesis] For example, a Hong Kong-British-Canadian-French multicultural director whose team members were Dutch-Chinese, Taiwanese-French, and Korean-British and whose boss was French noted how members handled a process conflict (e.g., time management), which was created by different work values regarding meetings: In terms of meeting time, we all seem to have different principles. For example, my French boss never starts meetings on time and quite often postpones or cancels them. H (Dutch-Chinese) is very strict on time and deadline (meeting is time for checking-up on each others work process). I and K (Taiwanese-French) we are a bit flexible regarding meeting time. So, whenever we have meeting with my French boss, or ourselves, we face frustrating moments. But, what is important for us is how to handle this frustrating moment. As we are conscious about each others differences, we come to compromise when such moments occur. For example, with my French boss, I need to be really flexible with time. With my team members, if I am behind my meeting schedule with my team members, I make sure to tell them in advance why I am behind and ask them next availabilities. Conflicts may still exist in my team. But we handle them at a much more tolerant level. (Hong Kong-British-Canadian-French director, Team : Dutch-Chinese, Taiwanese-French, Korean-British and French boss) LOrà ©als product development team members have cultural diversity within themselves. They are bi- or multi-cultural and play two critical roles in team innovation: (1) bridging between cultural contexts and combining knowledge across cultural/national boundaries; and(2) resolving cross-cultural conflicts. [20. Yves: this is from my thesis] WHAT WE CAN LEARN FROM LORÉAL To a greater or lesser extent, most global companies face the four challenges, or dualities, we identified as so characteristic of LOrà ©al: Global-local, dispersed complex knowledge to be integrated, national image of the home base but glo

Free Essays - An Analysis of Catch 22 :: Catch-22

An Analysis of Catch 22      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Catch 22, by Joseph Heller, is a critique of the society that we live in. Whoever is proud of what we have advanced to, and is unwilling to look at it in a negative light, would find this book very subversive. It threatens and criticizes the way of living of most who pride themselves in living a modern life. Heller shows through the ridiculousness of war how misguided much of modern society has become, in spite of all our so called civilized advancement. Some will find this interesting, thought provoking and enjoy this book. Others will take it as a direct threat and insult to all the work they have done.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From the very beginning, Heller shows some of the most popular ideas and values of the day in a negative, questioning light. In particular, he shows the negative consequences of conformity and highlights individuality as a way to survive.   He wants us to recognize how one is controlled and stifled by society.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The leading character in this novel, addressing what has gone wrong with society, is Yossarian. He is the only one who recognizes the full craziness of what everyone is living for: wealth, false happiness, society's approval, etc. He is one of the few who tries to fight the power and elitism that have become so sought after in America. Throughout the novel, he tries to find a way to live a fuller life as a real human individual. He looks to many of the other characters in the book for help but only finds unsatisfactory answers.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Each of the characters in Yossarian's life at the base shows the reader one more example of how bad society has become. Clavinger tries to live life by reasoning. He looks for a reason in everything. In constantly looking for a reason why, he never enjoys life to it fullest. As further proof that this life leads nowhere, he is shot down and killed, certainly not an event with a rational explanation. Major Major is the person who obeys everyone, always trying to be perfect. He does everything that anyone asks of him, but takes it to an extreme. By being so naively obedient, instead of being helped by his comrades, he is shunned.

Asia Pacific Breweries

International Business Environment Project GROUP PROJECT: ASIA PACIFIC BREWERIES LIMITED (APBL) Prepared by G&T Consultancy (TZ02): Benjamin Jethro Neo Czaraim Suganob Carreon Michelle Oh Hui Ling Ratchadakorn Wongphothiphan Valerie Ng Shi Min Yap Yi Jun Prepared for: Ms. Ng Lay Khim, Linda Date of Submission: 18th July 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Company and IndustryOne of the main components of the beverage industry is Alcoholic drink; an example of a company that produces alcoholic beverages, namely Beer and Lager is Asia Pacific Breweries. Listed on the Singapore Exchange, Asia Pacific Breweries Limited (APBL) is one of the key players in the beer industry Asia Pacific Breweries, formerly known as Malayan Breweries Limited (MBL) in 1931 is a joint enterprise between Heineken International & Fraser and Neave. Its present name was given in 1990.As of today, Asia Pacific Breweries also operates a broad global marketing network, which extends across 60 countries and is supporte d by 30 breweries in 14 countries, namely Singapore, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Mongolia, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam. Asia Pacific Breweries also offers their consumers a wide range of brands, be it global, regional or local, which suit the taste of various beer drinkers; boasting a wide range of choices, including Tiger Beer, Heineken, Anchor Beer, Baron’s Strong Brew, ABC Extra Stout and Bintang Beer.Their beers are brewed under the supervision of Heineken technical experts, who can call upon countless years of experience of European brewing excellence. Using only the finest ingredients, maintaining the most stringent brewing standards, and conducting over 200 quality checks during the process. This scrutiny over production of APB beers has reeled in many awards while their breweries are among the forerunners in their respective markets. 2. STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES 2. 1 StrengthsTiger beer, the prize brand of APB, was the winner of the UK's Brewing Industry International Awards, the most esteemed award in the brewing industry 1998. The brand won a Gold medal in the International Style Lager category in the 2010 World Beer Cup; and silver medal in 2010 World Beer Championships. Anchor Beer was presented a gold medal in Selection Mondiale in 2010, a gold medal by Australian International Beer Awards in 1998, on top of several other honors. Since beer sales mostly relied on quality and tang, the higher quality standards of APB beer, makes APB standout in the competitive brewery business.APB's Tiger and Heineken brands scores on the point of identity and thus have a strong brand image. A part of one of the few establishments in Singapore, APBL set up the Asia Pacific Breweries Foundation (APB Foundation). This foundation provides financial aid to causes in Creativity Development, achievements in Human Excellence and Humanitarian Awards. APBL plays a significant role in gi ving back to the communities in which they operate. Being socially responsible, each of them renders support to the various educational, social and environmental causes in the respective countries.Through its endless efforts towards community and environment protection, APB continues to build a long-term relationship and good rapport with its customers. 2. 2 Weaknesses Although the US market is mounting at a slower rate compared to certain Eastern European and Asian markets, lack of presence in this market puts the group at a disadvantage as compared to some of the other great players in the industry. Since large beer consuming countries provide possibility for volume and revenue expansion, a modest presence in these markets results in a drawback for APB.The anticipated sale of APBL’s 50% owned Heineken-APB (China) Pte Ltd to China Resources Snow Breweries Limited would not be going through due to an unreachable agreement with CRSB. 3. OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS 3. 1 Opportuni ties With a rise in disposable income and alcoholic beverages more widely accepted by its people, Asia had its potential as a profitable market. APB operates primarily in Asia Pacific, which grew at a compound annual growth rate of 5%, reaching a figure of $112. 2 billion in 2009. To maximize on their Asian opportunity, APB has ventured into New Caledonia and Indonesia. In FY2010, hey came into possession of Heineken International's 65. 1% interest in PT Multi Bintang, Indonesia and also Heineken’s 87. 3% interest in Grande Brasserie de Nouvelle Caledonie, New Caledonia. The group also received beer brand Bintang and its trademarks rights. The acquisition allowed APB to launch their other popular beer brands easier as it gave them a firm consumer base in Indonesia and New Caledonia. APB is extending its brand portfolio by adding more flavors and varieties. They acquired Bintang and Number One, from Indonesia and New Caledonia in FY2010. The group also introduced some other ne w brands in the same year.Laos has its local beer Namkhong; New Zealand was introduced Monteith's Crushed Pear Cider while Tiger Crystal was presented to Vietnam and, as a limited edition, to Malaysia. APB attracts consumers of distinct tastes by presenting new brands every now and then. 3. 2 Threats Beers belongs to one of the highly taxed commodities globally; especially high in the countries APB operates in. Per liter of beer was imposed an excise duty of S$70 in Singapore, the single largest market of APB. New Zealand also increased excise duty. This caused DB Breweries, the New Zealand division of APB to increase its prices by 3%.Higher prices are a result of higher excise rates. APB, known for being a cheaper option of premium brands, may lose its current consumers if excise rates continue to rise and cause APB to set a higher price for its beer brands. Alcohol companies have received criticism on their advertisements and thus, countries set a legal ban on spirits advertisemen ts on TV and radio; on broadcast advertisements which associate alcohol with children or leisure, or promoting alcohol abuse; as well as on sponsorship of TV and radio programs by companies mainly concerned about alcohol production.These rules would hinder APB’s development, as its awareness in the consumers would decrease. Beer has been linked with negative health issues. Among people, there is a general negative perception about beer having an effect on the body fat and cholesterol. On the other hand, wine is considered a healthier option to other beverages. In matured markets like Western Europe and North America, beer is losing its field to wine, as there is an increase in consumers’ preferences for healthier alternatives. Wide variety of alcohol products available readily and extensive advertising is also bringing a negative impact to beer sales. . KEY CUSTOMER (GROUPS) & COMPETITORS Key customer groups Business to Customers APBL has large consumer base due to its wide variety. Tiger beer, among all the brands is the most famous international brand with largest number of consumers. Tiger Beer targeted the vibrant young Asian adults; Tiger also launched Tiger Crystal Lite, a softer-flavored Tiger Beer to cater consumers especially the Chinese who prefer lighter taste. Likewise, Heineken and Gold Crown targets young Asian adults in Thailand, New Zealand, Vietnam, China, Singapore, and Malaysia.Anchor, which offers consumers with international, affordable quality brew, is more successful in Hainan, Cambodia and Vietnam. Everyday drinkers in Singapore and Malaysia are appealed to Anchor while Cambodians and Singaporeans in their 30s-40s are appealed to stouts including Guinness, Extra Stout and Amber Stout. Baron’s Strong Brew had European as its loyal customer base appealing those who favor strong alcohol taste. Business to Business The company has a strong market share in various countries within the Asia Pacific Region.It also boas ts that in the UK, Tiger Beer can be found in more than 8,000 premium bars, clubs and distribution outlets in major cities. APBL’s products can be found in almost any shop that sells alcoholic beverages in the countries it has expanded to. Competitors Asia Pacific Breweries’ faces many competitors in the industry, namely in Breweries, beverage manufacturing, alcoholic beverage manufacturing, bars and nightclubs and restaurants, bars and food services. APBL’s local and overseas competitors include Carlsberg A/S, whose company perates in Europe and Asia. Asahi Breweries, Ltd, Suntory Group and Kirin Holding Company, Ltd, which primarily operates in Japan. SABMiller, which primarily operates in Americas, Africa, Asia and Europe. The Philippines-based company: San Miguel Corporation and China Resources Enterprise Limited based in Hong Kong. Kirin Brewery Company, Limited is engaged in producing alcoholic beverages, soft drinks, food products and pharmaceuticals thro ugh its subsidiaries. SABMiller is engaged in producing and distributing beer, malts and carbonated soft drinks.Likewise, Suntory Group primarily operates in the non-alcoholic and alcoholic beverages, food products and the food services business segments. Carlsberg, a renowned competitor, is also engaged not only in the production, marketing and sales of beer, but also produces soft drinks, energy drinks and bottled water. San Miguel Corporation, yet another renowned competitor, also engages in the production of beverages and is involved in other business segments such as food and packaging products, power generation and distribution, mining, fuel and oil, infrastructure, telecommunications, management and development of real estate properties. . EXISTING OPERATIONS OF COMPANY 5. 1 Entry modes used for expansion Joint Ventures Asia pacific breweries preferred mode of entry is Joint Ventures. For example, in Singapore, Asian Pacific Breweries started out in Singapore as a Joint Ventu re between Heineken International and Fraser and Neave in 1931 and was known as Malayan Breweries Limited. Asia pacific breweries also used joint venture in Cambodia, China, Laos, Malaysia, Mongolia, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia and New Zealand. In Cambodia, Asian Pacific Breweries formed a joint venture with Progress Import and Export, which formed Cambodia Brewery Ltd.In China, Asian Pacific Brewery formed a 50-50 joint venture with its shareholders, Fraser and Neave, Limited and Heineken in China known as Heineken-APB (China). APBL also engaged in a joint venture with Laos: Asian Pacific Breweries opened a brewery in Laos through a joint venture with the Government of Laos and SBK Consultant Ltd. Malaysia’s Guinness Anchor Bhd was a result of the merger of Guinness Malaysia Bhd and Malayan Sdn Bhd whose parent company is the current Asian Pacific Brewery. In Mongolia, Asian Pacific has formed a 55-45 joint venture with MCS Holdings LLC.APBL also entered Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia and New Zealand via Joint Venture. In Thailand, Asian Pacific Breweries entered Thailand, to form a joint venture with Thai Life Insurance Company Limited and Thai Pure Drinks Company Limited. Similarly, In Vietnam, Vietnam Brewery Ltd. , (VBL) was formed by a joint venture between Saigon Trading Group (SATRA) & APBL. Finally, In Indonesia, APB participates in the Indonesian beer market via PT Multi Bintang Indonesia Tbk (MBI). Acquisitions In 1955, APB entered Papua New Guinea by acquiring a stake in the brewery, which has been the sole beer brewer in Papua New Guinea since 1983.Further expanding their foothold in the South Pacific, APB entered the beer market of Solomon Islands with a majority  stake in Solomon Breweries Limited (SBL). Merger In New Caledonia, APB entered the beer market of New Caledonia via Grande Brasserie de Nouvelle Caledonia (GBNC). GBNC was formed in 1974 as a result of a merger of two breweries in the territory of New Caledonia. Partnership In Sri Lanka, APBL formed a partnership with Sri Lankan-based Anandappa family group and associates and MBL Offshore Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of Phoenix Beverages Limited, which is a leading beverage group from Mauritius, to form APB Lanka.Please refer to Appendix A for APB’s shareholdings in the various countries 5. 2Types of operating issues or problems encountered Operational issues: When expanding into foreign countries, the scale of investment and exports increases. Large amount of capital is needed for venturing into new markets, resulting in the company having fewer budgets to channelize into other new markets or other development areas like R&D. Additionally; customers in different market have different standards, forcing APBL to consistently adapt the flavor to suit to local’s tongue.The unexpected fluctuating exchange rate incurred loss as seen when â€Å"APB suffered a paper loss of S$37. 9m & S$14. 5m in 2008 & 2009 respectively. â₠¬  APBL experiences currency risks due to contractual cash flow invoice in another currency. There is potential currency mismatch in investing countries like Vietnam and Mongolia. For example, APBL invests in USD but revenue generated comes in VND. High agricultural products price resulting from natural disasters also happens in overseas production subsidiary would increase cost of beer production.There might be political and economic regulatory uncertainties in investing market that delay the business operation or high entry barrier in some country as government restrict foreign investment scale or the sales of beer. Economic problems: Due to increase in prices of agricultural products such as wheat and barley, this increases the cost of beer production as well. APBL had to absorb this increase in cost of production, which will be bound to induce negative effects such as an increase in selling prices of beer to offset the higher cost of production.This might lead to potential loss of customers. Also, the value of the firm may be affected by unanticipated and volatile changes in the exchange rates on home currency. For example, the depreciation of Tugrik led to an exchange loss of $ 5. 9M. Political problems: When venturing into Mongolia, there were various benefits and risks encountered by APBL. Some political risks encountered were that the political system lacks transparency and corruption level is high.When venturing into Indochina, there was similarly a high level of corruption in the government coupled with a high tax regime of 45% which decreases the profit margin of APBL due to the higher expenses incurred from the high tax regime. Legal problems: Asia Pacific Breweries’ financial manager, Chia Teck Leng is currently serving 42 years in prison as a result of swindling S$117 million from a Scandinavian bank, two Japanese banks, and a German bank across a period of four years to make up for his gambling addiction.This is reflected as the lengthie st jail term given for the biggest case in commercial fraud in Singapore to date. Chia was charged with using underhand means to extort foreign banks of about S$117 million, criminal breach of trust of S$53 million, money laundering, and encouraging his girlfriend Li Jin to use a forged passport. He was imprisoned on 2 April 2004 after pleading guilty to 14 charges. 6. FUTURE EXPANSION PLAN 6. 1 Selected countries and reasons for expansion Reasons for venturing into Spain The Spanish culture is known for drinking a lot of beer.If APB ventures into Spain, it can be assured of a big market to introduce its products to. But despite the presence of many other beer companies in Spain, APB is a cheaper alternative compared to other beers, which will thus attract many consumers. Furthermore, it is known that good beer is a sign of a good restaurant. If APB can satisfy its customers’ standard of ‘good beer’, it can definitely boost the reputation of restaurants that cate r APB to its customers. In addition, foreign beers are very rampant in Spain. This shows that the Spanish would welcome foreign beers.Thus, this ensures that APB products will have higher chances of being accepted by the Spanish. Barcelona is also known to be a ‘Drinker’s Paradise’. However, there have been negative feedbacks about the type of beers offered in Barcelona bars, which does not complement the drinking environment in Barcelona. Hence, if APB products can satisfy the Spanish, this will up the profit that bars make from selling beers, which will in turn benefit APB in the long run. From 2009 to 2012, the economy of Spain met with a downturn, and almost a quarter of Spain’s workforce was unemployed.APB can now make use of the unemployed as labor for APB in Spain. Reasons for venturing into Australia The wine industry has expanded rapidly but Australians will always be known as beer drinkers, even rivaling the likes of Germans. Therefore, if APB ve ntures into Australia it will also have a large market of consumers to introduce its products to. Coupled with the fact that APB is a cheaper beer alternative, there is a high chance that many consumers will turn to APB to satisfy their demands. There are also various Beer Festivals held in Australia on a regular basis.Such Beer Festivals include ‘The 7th Annual Australian Beer Festival’ which attracted a large crowd of over 10000 people with 24 Australian brewers and over 100 Aussie beers present during the festival. Such Beer Festivals are definitely a good avenue to increase the reputation of APB at a large and quick scale if APB were to venture into Australia. In addition to Beer Festivals, there is also the presence of beer competition such as the ‘Australian International Beer Awards’. This is yet another platform for breweries to showcase their premium beer and brewing excellence.All these platforms reflects the Australian’s interest in beer d rinking and thus this is definitely a good reason for APB to venture into the Australian market and grab its own customer loyalties and build its reputation in Australia. More importantly, the economy of Australia is one of the most developed, modern market economies in the world. In 2011, the Australian economy was the fastest growing advanced economy in the world, with a GDP of approximately US$1. 6 trillion. This means that the Australians are earning more than the worldwide average.The IMF in April 2012 predicted that Australia would be the best performing economy in the world over the next two years. With such a boosting economy in Australia, APB should venture into Australia. Australia has also entered into many FTAs with ASEAN countries and Australia is also a member of various international organizations such as APEC and WTO. This puts Australia in a very good position to make foreign trading with other countries, granted support from these organizations 6. 2 Identification of sub-factors used for expansion Political-Legal factorsSub-factors used: Country risk ranking, political stability ranking, legal regulatory ranking, corruption index and political transparency index and ease of doing business ranking. Political and legal forces greatly impact the success of a company expanding into a foreign environment. It comprises of three main pillars. They are government regulation; laws that restrict the amount of trade freedom a foreign company has in a host country. The Government bureaucracy provides the foreign company with the legal license to conduct business activity in the country and political stability.Economic factors Sub-factors used: GDP growth rate, GDP Growth Projection, Purchasing power parity, Per Capita Income, Inflation rate, Exchange rate stability and presence of competitors. Economic factors refer to whether the country is favorable in terms of its economy. It is a significant factor considered when expanding, as economic factors will greatly affect the success of the company in that country. Social Cultural factors Sub-factors used: Education level, Language, Religion, Income, Age and Ethnic distribution and attitude towards time. The social culture in every country is different.The language, attitudes towards business, religious beliefs, traditions, and customs varies greatly from country to country. Managers must be aware of the differing cultures and specific taste of each country and tailor their products to suit their individual cultures. By doing so, it raises the level of competiveness and demand for that product in that market. Geographical factors Sub-factors used: Accessibility to raw materials, agricultural products available, natural hazards, climate, percentage unemployed in labor force, minimum gross annual wage rate, land area, lease period of land, cost of land & terrain.Geographic features in every country heavily influence the rate and pace at which a foreign company can expand in the host country. Surface features such as navigable rivers and flat plains aids travel and contact with others, hence accelerating the productivity of the company. However, countries with topographical features like treacherous mountain ranges, deserts and large bodies of water may discourage communication. This affects consumers’ product needs and wants, hence requiring managers to be extra particular about their preference. Technological factorsSub-factors used: Availability of Digital Network Infrastructure, Internet penetration rate, Presence of legal framework for intellectual property and presence of e-banking structure. Technological advancement varies extensively throughout the world. Most firms would expand into a new market only if there is demand for its product or if the technology and infrastructure there can support its existing production operations. A country with the latest technology and infrastructure would mean lower costs for the company that is intending to ente r into that market. 6. 2. Political/Legal Factors Factor| Spain| Australia| Country Risk Ranking| Risk ranking of 61. 83| Risk ranking of 82. 25 ? | Political Stability Risk Ranking| With a Political Instability Index of 5. 5, Spain is ranked 104th in the world. | With a Political Instability Index (PII) of 3. 6, Australia is ranked 154th in the world. ?| Legal Regulatory Risk Ranking| Overall assessment of Spain is B, 30. | Overall assessment of Australia is A, 18. ?| Corruption Index & Political Transparency Index | With a Corruption Perception Index (CPI) of 6. 1, Spain is ranked 30th in the world. With a Corruption Perception Index (CPI) of 8. 7, Australia is ranked 8th in the world. ?| Ease of Doing Business Ranking| Spain achieved a rank of 44. | Australia achieved a rank of 15. ?| In terms of Political-Legal factors, Australia is more favorable as it is better than Spain in terms of Country Risk Ranking, Political Stability Risk Ranking, Legal Regulatory Risk Ranking, Cor ruption Index & Political Transparency Index and Ease of Doing Business Ranking. 6. 2. 2 Economic Factors Factor| Spain| Australia| GDP Growth Rate| 0. 8% (2011 est. )| 1. 8% (2011 est. ) ? | -0. 1% (2010 est. )| 2. 7% (2010 est. )  ? | Purchasing Power Parity| $1,413,468 million (2011)| $914,482 million (2011) | Per Capita Income| $32360 (2010-11)| $65477 (2010-11) | Inflation Rate| 3. 1% (2011 est. ) ? | 3. 4% (2011 est. )| | 2% (2010 est. )  ? | 2. 8% (2010 est. )| Exchange Rate Stability| Euros (EUR) per US dollar – 0. 7107 (2011 est. ) 0. 755 (2010 est. ) 0. 7198 (2009 est. ) 0. 6827 (2008 est. ) 0. 7345 (2007 est. ) > Less stable| Australian dollars (AUD) per US dollar – 0. 9694 (2011 est. ) 1. 0902 (2010) 1. 2822 (2009) 1. 2059 (2008) 1. 137 (2007) > More stable ? | Presence of Competitors| Yes. There are strong competitors but not so many brewery companies ? | Yes. There are strong competitors and various microbreweries companies. Tense competit ion| In terms of Economic factors, Australia is more favorable because it is deemed better in five out seven sub-factors. From the comparison table, we know that Australia’s economy is more stable and more favorable for business as compared to Spain because it has a higher GDP Growth Rate and Projection, a lower Purchasing Power Parity and a higher Per Capita Income.Furthermore its Exchange Rate Stability is also more stable. 6. 2. 3 Social Cultural Factors Factor| Spain| Australia| Education level/ Literacy rate| 98. 5| 99. 98 ? | Language| Castilian Spanish (official) 74%, Catalan 17%, Galician 7%, and Basque 2%  | Majority: English 78. 5%, Chinese 2. 5%, Italian 1. 6%, Greek 1. 3%, Arabic 1. 2%, Vietnamese 1%, other 8. 2%, Unspecified 5. 7%  ? | Income Distribution| * 10% Rich (25. 2% of income) * 80% Middle Class (72% of income) * 10% (2. 8% of the income)| * 10% Rich (25. 4% of income) * 80% Between the two (72. % of the income) * 10% Poor (2% of the income. ?| Attit ude towards time| The Spaniards are typically a laid back group of people, with a relaxed sense of time| It is expected of an individual to be punctual in any occasion ? | Age Distribution| 0-14 years:  15. 1%15-64 years:  67. 7%65 years and over:  17. 1%| 0-14 years:  18. 3% 15-64 years:  67. 7%65 years and over:  14% ? | It is more feasible to expand into Australia because its Social Cultural factors are more promising. It has a higher Education level and Literacy rate, which means the citizens in Australia are more employable.In terms of Language, majority of Australians speak English thus dispelling any language barriers. Australia’s attitude towards time is also more advantageous for the business. 6. 2. 4 Technological-Infrastructure Factors Factor| Spain| Australia| Secure Internet Servers| 285| 2003? | Internet users (per 100 people)| 65. 8| 75. 9? | Presence of Legal framework for Intellectual Property| Copyright Law of SpainSpanish Patent and Trademark Of fice| Australian Property Law ? | Presence of e-Banking Infrastructure | Top 8 country, 46% utilization ? Top 10 country, 44% utilization| It is also more practical to expand into Australia because it is better in terms of the Technological-Infrastructure sub factors. In order for an international business to experience ease in communications between countries, its technological factors must be superlative. By analyzing the various sub-factors, we know that the Internet users (per 100) and Secure Internet Servers in Australia is much higher. 6. 2. 4 Geographical Factors 1 Factor| Spain| Australia| Natural hazards| Periodic droughts, occasional flooding and volcanism ? Cyclones along the coast; severe droughts; forest fires volcanism| Climate| Temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate and cloudy along coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior,  partly cloudy and cool along coast ? | Generally arid to semiarid (low precipitation); temperate in south and east; tropical i n north| % Unemployed in Labour Force| 20. 065%? | 5. 233% | Minimum Gross Annual Wage Rate (International Dollars)| $11,426. 00 ? | $20,027. 00| Land Area (sq. km)| 505,370| 7,741,220 ? | Terrain| Large, flat to dissected plateaus surrounded by rugged hills ? | Mostly low plateau with eserts, fertile plains in southeast| Upon comparing both countries’ Geographical Factors 1, Spain is more favorable. This is because it is less prone to natural hazards and its climate is more conducive for setting up a plant. They also have a large unemployment rate, which APBL can take advantage of if they chose to expand into Spain. 6. 2. 5 Geographical Factors 2 Factor| Spain| Australia| Length of road network| The road network comprises a total of 346,858 km| The road network comprises a total of 913,000 km ? | Number of Airports| 47 Airports | 448 Airports ? | Number of Seaports| 66 Seaports| 214 Seaports ? Preferential Tax Incentives for Foreign Investors| Deductions are readily availabl e for export activities, investment in the environment, R&D, extraordinary profits reinvestment, training, etc. ?| Subjective to the nature and size of the investment project, the relevant Australian State governments may give rebates from payroll, stamp and land taxes on an ad hoc basis and for limited periods. | By analyzing the Geographical factors 2, Australia is much better because it has a longer road network, more airports as well as seaports. This means that it is much more accessible if we expand into Australia. 6. Recommendation, reasons and type of entry mode to use for Australia. Recommendation We chose to enter the Australian market with either a company currently existing in Australia or a company that hasn’t expanded into any other countries, and have similar goals as Asia Pacific Brewery. We have chosen to go with Coopers Brewery Limited, the largest Australian-owned brewery or the largest home brewing equipment producer in the world. Reasons By venturing into Australia with Coopers Brewery Limited, the chances of reducing cost and risk would be higher as compared to attempting to enter the market alone or with external companies.This would be due to the fact that Coopers Brewery Limited has an established name and hence, this allows them to share their experiences with APB, reducing the trouble of setting up their own subsidiary, ultimately reducing the chances of consumer doubt. Therefore, smaller amount of investment is required to put APB’s business into operation. APB need not waste valuable time to set up its own subsidiary or look for ways to enter the Australian market, which it has low international experience or little cultural knowledge of. Knowledge wise, APB would have an advantage when going into joint venture with CoopersBrewery Limited because they possess information and first-hand experience about the local market demand and they know what â€Å"works† in order to satisfy their consumer’s standa rds and preferences. In terms of production capacity, APB would be able to increase its product and sales volume as there might be sharing of staff and production facilities between both brewery companies. They can also share the cost of marketing and advertising their brewery products. APB can now afford to sell its product at cheaper price, thus increasing its competitiveness in the brewery industry within short period of time.Type of Entry Mode to use We chose to enter the Australian market via Joint Venture with Coopers Brewery Limited. Coopers Brewery Limited was established in 1862, by Thomas Cooper at his home in the  Adelaide  suburb of  Norwood, South Australia. Being the utmost powerful beer company in South-Australia, Coopers Brewery Limited would have the largest amount of market shares hence we would be able to penetrate the markets and promote APB’s branding to Australia, as the consumer-producer’s trust is already established.APB can build good rel ations with its new retailers and customers since its joint venture partner already has a reputable brand image, thus this adds on to APB’s credibility without much effort required. Therefore, APB would be able to distribute its product more efficiently through the availability of existing market channels that Coopers Brewery Limited has. 6. 4 Reasons for not selecting Spain. By comparing both countries, and weighing the factors used for expansion, we have unanimously concluded that Spain is not as favorable as compared to Australia.In terms of Political-Legal factors, Spain’s country risk ranking is lower than Australia, which indicates political instability that is unfavorable when setting up a business. Furthermore, Spain’s ranking when it comes to ease of doing business is ranked 44 in the world, a significant inferiority compared to Australia which ranks 15. Economically wise, Spain’s GDP Growth rate is relatively smaller compared to Australiaâ€℠¢s. In terms of Per Capita Income, Spain’s is much lower compared to Australia, which might play a role as to unsatisfactory sales.Furthermore, by comparing 5-year statistics, the exchange rate stability also fluctuates more than Australia, therefore being less stable. By looking at the Social Cultural factors, Spain is less favorable than Australia because of its lower literacy rate and minor percentage of English speaking individuals, Moreover, the Age Distribution in Australia is better than Spain because despite the exact same percentage of people aged 15-64, the youth’s population in Australia is greater than Spain.This means that in the future, Spain’s percentage of 15-64 would be less compared to Australia. This age groups consists of the majority of working individuals, hence, a smaller figure would be deemed as having an adverse effect to the company. Technological Factors also indicates that Spain isn’t on par with Australia. International Busin esses rely heavily on technology for communication. If APBL wants to expand to a country, it would be an advantage if the country’s penetration rate were higher.By comparison from the table above, it is evident that the Internet Users (per 100) in Australia far exceeds Spain’s, which would mean that there are more computer literate individuals in Australia as compared to Spain, which would pave the way for more employment opportunities. Geographically speaking, Spain’s land area is comparatively smaller than Australia. In order to establish a major brewery, a vast land area is required and Australia has more land than Spain, which means that it would be more economical as land isn’t as scarce.The comparison also shows that Spain has lesser Airports, Seaports and a shorter length of road network, which reflects that the accessibility in Spain is inferior to Australia’s. CONCLUSION Our consultant team has found that Australia would be the more promis ing country for Asia Pacific Breweries’ expansion plans. This is conclusive of our results, which were based on a thorough assessment of thirty-six diverse sub-factors, which are instrumental in successful business expansions. Australia was found to be more favorable in twenty-six out of the thirty-six factors.Australia boasts a relatively slight political risk and has low corruption in the country, which provides a conducive and secure environment for Asia Pacific Breweries to conduct its operations in. Furthermore, agricultural produce in Australia is suitable for the brewing of quality beer, thus Asia Pacific Breweries does not need to source for additional raw materials, which would otherwise incur a huge cost. Australia also has a comprehensive web of transport infrastructure, which would greatly increase the efficiency of Asia Pacific Breweries operations, hence cutting costs.The quality of education in Australia is also of a high standard, producing a workforce that is highly literate. A highly educated work force will not only increase work productivity but also the overall competitiveness and capabilities of Asia Pacific Breweries in Australia. The Australian economy shows no sign of slowing down as GDP growth rates are projected to continue increasing through the years. Additionally, the per capita income in Australia is considerably high, which means that the average Australian is comparatively well to do.As beer is a lifestyle product, a strong, robust economy coupled with a high standard of living will be able to better complement and boost the sales of beer. After taking into considerations the abovementioned conclusions, the team here at G&T Consultancy would like to offer a recommendation for Asia Pacific Breweries to expand into the Australian market. APPENDIXES Appendix A: APB’s Shareholdings BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. 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